Many of our studies have been conducted on EPA Superfund sites (East Helena, Montana Pole, and Anaconda in Montana, Commencement Bay in Washington); Department of Energy Sites (Idaho National Environmental and Engineering Laboratory [INEEL] in Idaho, Batelle Pacific Northwest National Laboratory [BPNL] at the Hanford Site in Washington, Sandia National Laboratories [SNL] in New Mexico, Oak Ridge National Laboratories [ORNL] in Tennessee), or Department of Defense Sites (Aberdeen Proving Ground [APG] and Defense-related areas of DOE laboratories). Our work on these facilities usually has consisted of one or more of the following:

• Site surveys and mapping of chemical contaminants (pollutants, military-related chemicals) including radioactive materials, trace elements and heavy metals, inorganic and organic pesticides, industrial organics such as solvents and PCBs, and chemicals used by the military, such as break down products of tear gas and explosives residues (EPA, DOE, DOD sites).
  
  
• Monitoring of bioavailable chemicals, chemical exposures, and colony responses (in real time) to exposures to chemicals before, during, and after installation restoration activities, such as removal of materials and capping of landfills (APG).
  
  
• Testing of advanced technologies for improving the utility of honey bees for surveillance and compliance monitoring and the detection of harmful materials. Examples includes materials and methods for detecting explosives in beehives (ORNL and Sandia), identification tags for insects (BPNL), and chemical and physical taggants for marking bees and verifying target detection (ORNL and Sandia).